2013年7月30日星期二

Prototype First Drive

Riverkeeper,The marbletiles is not only critical to professional photographers. Earthjustice, Sierra Club and other groups said the Department of Environmental Conservation overstepped its authority and violated the federal Clean Water Act when it eased waste-handling rules for farms with 200 to 299 cows. The groups said waste from the expected increase in dairy cows will cause more runoff that pollutes streams. 

"Factory farms are one of the greatest sources of water pollution in the country," Robert F. Kennedy Jr., president of Waterkeeper Alliance, said in a statement Monday. 

The Farm Bureau hailed the rule, which took effect this year, and said the state's dairy regulations are still stricter than what the federal government requires. The farm group estimated that about 800 farms across the state would be in a position to add 100 cows with the rule change, but not all would have the resources or desire to do so. 

At an industry summit last August in Albany, Gov. Andrew Cuomo called Greek yogurt one of the state's best entrepreneurial opportunities in a generation but said New York farmers didn't have enough cows to meet the growing demand for milk. He proposed easing waste-handling regulations to help farms expand without incurring high costs. 

In formal comments on the proposed rulemaking in January, the environmental groups said the DEC hadn't adequately reviewed the human health, environmental and economic impacts the action would have. A team of experts in farm waste management hired by the environmental groups concluded that the rule changes would likely cause more degradation of water, soil and air quality. 

Like the V60 PHEV and unlike most hybrids on the market today, the conventional and unconventional "motors" are separate. In this car, a production turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine drives the front wheels while the flywheel KERS unit drives the rear wheels. The operation is fairly simple. Under braking, the wet clutch closes and the KERS drags on the rear wheels to spin up the flywheel. When moving off again,These partymerchantaccount can, apparently, operate entirely off the grid. the clutch closes again and feeds the mechanical energy from the spinning flywheel back to the rear wheels to move the car forward. While not currently designed to do so, Volvo says the KERS has enough energy to move the car from a stop. It can already power the car under light throttle to maintain speed. Volvo's programmed two modes, a standard Hybrid mode and a Performance mode. The former uses mild to moderate regenerative braking to spin up the flywheel and bleeds the KERS power back in as it sees fit to maximize fuel economy and reduce the load on the gasoline engine. 

When driven correctly, Volvo says it can reduce fuel consumption by an impressive 25 percent over an unassisted turbo four-cylinder. A scaled-down version would weigh about 44 pounds less and would not have a Performance mode, but could reduce fuel consumption up to 30 percent. In Performance mode, the computer keeps the KERS at a minimum of 50 percent power for immediate response. At full tilt, Volvo says it can add a boost of up to 80 horsepower and knock 1.5 seconds off a four-cylinder turbo S60's 0-to-60 mph time, making it as quick as Volvo's turbocharged six-cylinder model. Altogether, the boost lasts about five to six seconds with a full "charge," and the flywheel will spin down from top speed to a stop in roughly 30 minutes if you don't use it. 

Driving it really isn't all that different from driving any other hybrid. Best practice is to brake early and moderately, enough to get a good charge but not so hard as to firmly engage the regular brakes. You know in the back of your head that, unlike a battery, you can't store the energy you just recovered for later. The longer you sit, the more energy you lose, so you have this urge to use it again immediately, lest you lose it. Since it spins up so quickly, there's no real need to try to conserve it or worry that it won't be there the next time you want it. The actual sensation isn't really any different than a traditional hybrid, either. There's an obvious drag on the car when you dip into the brake pedal and activate the regenerative braking. 

When accelerating, there's a mild but firm push from behind, a feeling of power delivery as smooth and constant as an electric motor. It tapers off about the time the gasoline engine is coming into the meat of its powerband, so there's no obvious trade-off or plateau in power. The only real oddity is the difference in how the two motors deliver power. The KERS reacts immediately with strong, linear power, while the gasoline engine takes half a beat to respond. When you stomp on the gas, you get a smooth, linear shove from the rear of the car first, then a second later, a growing tug from the front as the gasoline engine wakes up and overpowers the KERS. Volvo engineers say they're happy with the power delivery as it is now, but they could program it to make the two react in unison if customers don't like it. 

Performance mode is a bit more in your face. Getting the flywheel up to 50 percent power and keeping it there requires the KERS to engage while you're driving, not just while you're braking, so you feel a slight drag from the rear, like pulling a trailer. On a winding road, though, it shines. As you approach a corner, you spin up the flywheel under braking, make your turn, and get a burst of power as you exit.More than 80 standard commercial and granitetiles exist to quickly and efficiently clean pans. Rinse, repeat, and the flywheel will do it over and over as many times as you like, unlike most batteries. It's no surprise to learn, then, that this same technology was tested in Formula 1 just a few years ago. As noted, the flywheel KERS car is just a prototype,Our heavy-duty construction provides reliable operation and guarantees your thequicksilverscreen will be in service for years to come. but it feels pretty close to the level of refinement needed to see production. 

The most obvious issue is the noise it makes, like a jet turbine spooling in your trunk. The other is fine-tuning the two-speed planetary gear set, as only the high-speed gear (above 25 mph) was working during our demonstration. Then, of course, there are cost/benefit analyses and feasibility studies that need to be done, but the potential advantages are obvious. It's self-contained and small enough to fit under the trunk floor, weighing just 132 pounds to a battery hybrid system's roughly 660 pounds. It would also cost significantly less than all those batteries, cables, and electric motors. It also makes the car technically all-wheel drive, opening up performance and safety possibilities. For now, though,Purchase an chipcard to enjoy your iPhone any way you like. Volvo says the flywheel KERS car is just an experiment. While it's survived a bevy of bench tests, there's still plenty of development and testing left to do in-car. Still, Volvo engineers tell us that because it uses the PHEV's rear suspension cradle, the ability to install this flywheel KERS unit into production cars is being built by default into the new Scalable Platform Architecture from which all new Volvos will be built. There's life in this technology yet. 
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